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471.
Takeshi Nakamura Masaru Nakano Naoki Hayashimoto Narumi Takahashi Hiroshi Takenaka Taro Okamoto Eiichiro Araki Yoshiyuki Kaneda 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2014,35(3):255-270
Seismic wave amplifications were investigated using strong-motion data obtained from the ground’s surface (K-net) on the Kii peninsula (southwestern Japan) and from the network of twenty seismic stations on the seafloor (DONET) located off the peninsula near the Nankai trough. Observed seismograms show that seismic signals at DONET stations are significantly larger than those at K-net stations, independent of epicentral distances. In order to investigate the cause of such amplifications, seismic wavefields for local events were simulated using the finite-difference method, in which a realistic 3D velocity structure in and around the peninsula was incorporated. Our simulation results demonstrate that seismic waves are significantly amplified at DONET stations in relation to the presence of underlying low-velocity sediment layers with a total thickness of up to 10 km. Our simulations also show considerable variations in the degree of amplification among DONET stations, which is attributed to differences in the thickness of the sediment layers. The degree of amplification is relatively low at stations above thin sediment layers near the trough axis, but seismic signals are much more amplified at stations closer to the Kii peninsula, where sediment layers are thicker than those at the trough axis. Simulation results are consistent with observations. This study, based on seafloor observations and simulations, indicates that because seismic signals are amplified due to the ocean-specific structures, the magnitude of earthquakes would be overestimated if procedures applied to data observed at land stations are used without corrections. 相似文献
472.
Ali Belmadani Vincent Echevin Francis Codron Ken Takahashi Clémentine Junquas 《Climate Dynamics》2014,43(7-8):1893-1914
The dynamics of the Peru–Chile upwelling system (PCUS) are primarily driven by alongshore wind stress and curl, like in other eastern boundary upwelling systems. Previous studies have suggested that upwelling-favorable winds would increase under climate change, due to an enhancement of the thermally-driven cross-shore pressure gradient. Using an atmospheric model on a stretched grid with increased horizontal resolution in the PCUS, a dynamical downscaling of climate scenarios from a global coupled general circulation model (CGCM) is performed to investigate the processes leading to sea-surface wind changes. Downscaled winds associated with present climate show reasonably good agreement with climatological observations. Downscaled winds under climate change show a strengthening off central Chile south of 35°S (at 30°S–35°S) in austral summer (winter) and a weakening elsewhere. An alongshore momentum balance shows that the wind slowdown (strengthening) off Peru and northern Chile (off central Chile) is associated with a decrease (an increase) in the alongshore pressure gradient. Whereas the strengthening off Chile is likely due to the poleward displacement and intensification of the South Pacific Anticyclone, the slowdown off Peru may be associated with increased precipitation over the tropics and associated convective anomalies, as suggested by a vorticity budget analysis. On the other hand, an increase in the land–sea temperature difference is not found to drive similar changes in the cross-shore pressure gradient. Results from another atmospheric model with distinct CGCM forcing and climate scenarios suggest that projected wind changes off Peru are sensitive to concurrent changes in sea surface temperature and rainfall. 相似文献
473.
Futoshi Takahashi 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(3):231-249
We present an improved solution method for modeling thermally driven convection and dynamo in a rotating spherical shell. In this method, we introduce a high-order three-point combined compact difference scheme (CCDS) on non-uniform grid points in radius, while spherical harmonic expansion is conventionally performed in the angular direction. The governing equations in the spectral form are time-stepped together with the implicit CCDS up to the second derivative. To improve stability of the scheme, a boundary closure scheme is developed on non-uniform mesh. Numerical comparison with a published benchmark solution at moderate Ekman and Rayleigh numbers demonstrates that accuracy and convergence of the CCDS is fairly good and superior to the existing finite difference scheme using more stencil. With this scheme, we could more accurately solve problems of convection and also dynamo action in planetary core with less grid points. 相似文献
474.
This paper describes the mobilization and speciation of As found in hydrothermally altered rock under oxic column conditions. The altered rock sample was obtained from a tunnel project located in the Nakakoshi area of Hokkaido, Japan, whose geology is represented by slate, shale and sandstone. This area has undergone silicification, pyritization and argillic alteration resulting in As-enrichment of the rock. Results of the column experiments show that the infiltration rate, bulk density and rock bed thickness affected the duration of water residence, which in turn influenced the pH of the rock–water system. Coexisting ions most notably Ca2+ at amounts greater than ca. 50 mg/L retarded the mobilization of As. Mobilization of As from the rock with time occurred in two stages: stage 1 (weeks 1–20) with higher As leaching and stage 2 (weeks 20–76) characterized by nearly constant As release. In addition, pore water As concentrations revealed that the columns developed into two regions: the top half where most of the leaching occurred and the bottom part dominated by adsorption. Thus, the mechanism controlling the mobilization of As from the rock is a combination of one or more of the following processes: dissolution of soluble As-bearing fractions, pyrite oxidation and adsorption reactions. Arsenite (As[III]) was the dominant species in the effluent at the start of the experiment in columns with shorter water residence time and lower pH conditions (<8). On the other hand, arsenate (As[V]) was the major inorganic species released from the rock at higher pH (8–9.5) and when the system was close to equilibrium. Speciation of As with depth also indicated that As[III] disappeared around the bottom half of the columns, probably as a result of adsorption and/or oxidation. Arsenic speciation is partially controlled by the pH dependent adsorption of As species. The important adsorbent phases in the rock included Fe–Al oxides/oxyhydroxides, clay minerals and organic matter, which permitted the columns to attenuate additional As loadings including As[III]. Implications of these results on the design of a novel disposal method for these altered rocks include the enhancement of As adsorption through the addition of natural or artificial adsorbents and the utilization of a covering soil with low permeability to minimize rainwater infiltration into the rock. 相似文献
475.
The hydrothermally altered andesite hosting the Hishikari gold-silver vein deposits in southern Kyushu, Japan, is analyzed with respect to the spatial variation in chemical composition. The (CaO + Na2O) content is found to be inversely correlated with the K2O content as it progresses away from the site of mineralization. It was found that analytical data plotted on a (CaO + Na2O) − K2O diagram cannot be explained only by addition of K+ from the hydrothermal solution to the original rock and release of Ca2+ and Na+ from the original rock (K- alteration). Addition of Ca2+ and Na+ from the hydrothermal solution to the rock and release of K+ from the rock but release of K+, Ca2+, and Na+ to the hydrothermal solution (advanced argillic alteration) is important for causing the wide variations in K2O, CaO, and Na2O contents on the (CaO + Na2O) − K2O diagram. These variations can be explained by superimposed potassic, advanced argillic and calcium alterations. The altered rocks in the Honko-Sanjin area, Yamada area, and Masaki area analyzed by this study are characterized by their intermediate K2O content and variable CaO content, high K2O content and low CaO content, and low K2O content and low CaO content, respectively. The K2O, Na2O and CaO contents and oxygen isotopic composition of altered andesite, in conjunction with the solubility of gold as a thio complex, suggest that both gold deposition and the observed compositional variation of altered andesite are the result of mixing between acidic groundwater and neutral gold-bearing hydrothermal solution. The present results indicate that the compositional variation of hydrothermally altered rocks may represent a useful geochemical indicator of epithermal gold–silver mineralization. 相似文献
476.
Yuki Tohma Akira Imai Kenzo Sanematsu Kotaro Yonezu Ryohei Takahashi Masaaki Koyama Ryota Sekine Robert Duncan Koichiro Watanabe 《Resource Geology》2010,60(4):348-358
The Fukusen No. 1 vein is located in the southeastern part of the Yamada deposit, Hishikari epithermal gold deposits, southern Kyushu, Japan. 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages of adularia from the margin and the center of the Fukusen vein are determined to be 0.617 ± 0.024 Ma and 0.606 ± 0.009 Ma, respectively. The Fukusen No. 1 vein shows banding structure composed mainly of quartz, adularia and clay minerals. Colloform texture is displayed by cryptocrystalline to amorphous silica material that is associated with fine-grained electrum and sulfides near the center of the vein. Pyrite in the Fukusen No. 1 vein often shows acicular shape resulting from inversion from marcasite. Near the center of the vein, primary marcasite occurs associated with colloform texture of silica. The Fukusen No.1 vein preserves primary texture and materials which were deposited from the ore-forming hydrothermal solution. The Fukusen No. 1 vein was formed in a short period and is one of the youngest veins in the Hishikari deposits. 相似文献
477.
初夏热带西太平洋对流云团周期性西北传播与梅雨带的变动 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
为了了解来自低纬度的气象因素对梅雨带季节内变化的影响,文中对1985年和1986年6~7月份的个例进行了细致诊断,并针对有关问题用历史资料做了统计和合成.发现(1)梅雨雨带的向北位移与10~15°N/140°E附近的热带对流云团向西移动有连带关系,当热带对流云团向西北移动时副热带高压也向西北扩张,顺次由东向西影响梅雨带北抬.(2)低纬度向西北方向移动的对流云团具有准8,18以及30 d周期.(3)中国江淮梅雨的入梅也与6月份第一次出现这种对流云团周期性(8,18以及30 d)西北移动有密切关系. 相似文献
478.
479.
THE MONSOON IN THE ARABIAN SEA:IMPLICATIONS FROM RADIOLARIAN FLUXES TO THE DEEP SEA 相似文献
480.
In April 1996, a massive algal bloom of the coccolithophorid Gephyrocapsa oceanica developed in both Chita Bay and Atsumi Bay which comprise the bay known as Mikawa Bay of Japan. It was the first record of such a bloom in this area. In Chita Bay, the bloom persisted until the middle of May, however in Atsumi Bay, it remained until early June. From the analysis of salinity, water temperature, and current velocity and direction data, it is considered that the following mechanism accounts for the occurrence and maintenance of the bloom: Before the bloom, the standing crop of phytoplankton was poor, resulting in relatively rich nutrients throughout the bay. Thereafter, with the influx of oceanic water into Mikawa Bay, high salinity occurred firstly in Chita Bay. Under these hydrographic conditions, the bloom occurred first in Chita Bay, and extended throughout the bay with the clockwise circulation of water into Atsumi Bay. In Chita Bay, the bloom was influenced by rainfall and G. oceanica flowed out from this area. Whereas, in Atsumi Bay, the bloom persisted for longer due to the clockwise circulation and another influx of oceanic water. 相似文献